Cribbing is a behavior seen when a horse puts his teeth on a (usually) horizontal surface, grabs on and seemingly sucks air, making a kind of grunting sound.
Fifty years ago, cribbing was thought to be something horses did when they were bored or in chronic pain. Some believed that cribbing released some sort of endorphin. The other thought was that horses cribbed when they were hungry, trying to fill their stomachs with air to make them feel full.
Many believed that horses learned cribbing from other horses, but this appears not to be the case. In those days, cribbers were primarily Thoroughbreds off the track. This always made me wonder what it was about a track environment/lifestyle that might contribute to a horse becoming a cribber.
There are several factors that seem to contribute to acquiring a cribbing habit. One is dietary. Lack of roughage has an effect on the frequency of cribbing. There is a significant reduction in cribbing when horses are fed forage, and a significant increase when horses are fed grain. Horses fed a diet of sweetened feeds were found to crib 30 percent of the day versus 16 percent of the day when they were fed plain oats. Horse cookies, carrots and apples contain enough sugar to incite cribbing. This fact is so reliable that researchers use it to evaluate drug efficacy for the reduction of cribbing.
Another factor contributing to an increase in cribbing is when horses are exposed to long periods without feed. This can result in both emotional and physical stress.
There seems to be a link between cribbing and an increased incidence of gastric ulcers. What is not clear is how this link forms. Some cribbers do not have ulcers and many horses with ulcers do not crib. Cribbing does stimulate the vagus nerve, which helps decrease stomach acidity. Foals who crib definitely have more serious stomach ulceration issues than foals who do not crib. A question one might ask is what effect it might have on a cribber to give him antacids? Would the incidence of cribbing diminish? To my knowledge, this has not yet been tested.
There seems to be a heritable component to the incidence of cribbing. Thoroughbreds have the highest population of cribbers, around 10 percent. Interestingly, racing Standardbreds, who have similar lifestyles to racing Thoroughbreds, have a much lower incidence of cribbing within the breed. This brings up the question of the suitability of breeding a cribber.
There are several consequences of cribbing that need to be considered. One is the uneven dental wear of the incisors. Most horses seem to still be able to eat and graze despite uneven wear. Overdevelopment of certain muscles of the underneck can result from cribbing. In terms of dressage, these are muscles the horse uses, to a degree, to come above the bit or brace against the reins—not something we try to develop in our dressage horses or in any other equestrian discipline for that matter. Ultimately, stylohyoid osteoarthritis can develop, contributing to difficulties in bitting.
There has long been the thought that cribbing would lead to problems with gas colic. There have been no studies to substantiate this, but cribbers are 10 times more likely to suffer from epiploic foramen entrapment. This occurs when a segment of small intestine slips through a hole, or foramen, that separates the omental bursa from the peritoneal cavity. This causes strangulation of the small intestine, is acutely painful and requires immediate attention. The survival rate for this surgery is not good. Retrospective studies indicate that 78 percent of horses might be discharged, with 34 percent of the horses surviving two years after surgery.
Whether you have a cribber or not, certain management practices can reduce the likelihood of him acquiring the habit, or diminish the frequency of cribbing. It’s critical to either have forage or pasture available at all times. If your horse is a chow hound, try using one of the slow feeders that are available to lengthen the time your horse has feed available. With certain horses, it is worth getting your hay analyzed for sugar content. Provide low-sugar hay if your horse is a cribber or is an easy keeper, has hypothyroidism, is insulin resistant or has Cushings disease. Minimize sweet treats. You may want to check for ulcers. Also, consider the fact that horses are herd animals and are happiest when they have company. There are many types of anti-cribbing collars available and they can often help reduce the frequency of cribbing.
The bottom line: Lots of forage and friends are the best management tools for cribbers and cribbing prevention.
Original article: Myths and Truths of Equine Cribbing (dressagetoday.com)
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